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Abstract
This study assessed potential under-ascertainment of autism spectrum disorder due to missing administrative information for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children within the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network.
What are some questions to ask about autism?
One tool to help professionals understand family beliefs about autism, treatment, and family expectations is a rubric developed by Levy et al. (as cited in Mandell & Novak, 2005 ). Questions such as these address the diversity that is a part of each family: 1 What did you call your child’s problem before it was diagnosed? 2 What do you think caused it? 3 Why do you think it started when it did? 4 What do you think autism does? How does it work? 5 How severe is it? Will it have a short or long course? 6 What are the chief problems your child’s autism has caused? 7 What do you fear most about it? 8 What kind of treatment do you think your child should receive? What do you expect from this treatment? (p. 113)
What is the defining characteristic of autism?
The defining characteristic of autism is impairment in social and communicative development; this factor makes ASD different from other neurodevelopmental conditions like mental retardation, learning disabilities, and language disorders ( Bregman, 2005; Durand, 2005 ).
What are the causes of autism?
The development of autism as a diagnosis has not been without great social and cultural debate. Mothers and childhood vaccines are two topics that have been researched as plausible causes for the disorder. A long-held belief about the cause of autism initially came from Kanner’s term, “refrigerator mother,” and was later popularized by Dr. Bruno Bettelheim. Bettleheim’s research blamed mothers for their children’s difficulty speaking, atypical behavior, and rigid rituals. The “refrigerator mother” withheld affection and was emotionally frigid; her cold and detached behavior and inability to nurture her child were thought to cause autism ( Autism Epicenter, 2008-2011 ). As time passed, Dr. Bettelheim’s theory was refuted, because it relied too much on the belief that the parents of children with autism had perverse personality characteristics that had not been systematically observed ( Schreibman, 2005 ).
How does culture affect autism?
Culture plays a role in the diagnosis of autism, and it plays a role in a families’ acceptance of a child with autism and their acceptance of a treatment modality. In terms of child rearing, Trembath, Balandin, and Rossi (2005) indicate that minority families tend to teach their children to work interdependently within groups, cooperate, and comply when needed. Majority families tend to teach their children to be self-directed learners who are independently oriented and socially interactive ( Sue & Sue, 2008; Trembath, Balandin, & Rossi, 2005 ). These values are often reflected in the avenues for help the families pursue and in the values they teach their children.
What is the Respectful model of counseling?
The RESPECTFUL model of counseling is a framework that helps counselors explore markers of cultural identity that are salient for their clients ( Lewis, Lewis, Daniels, & D’Andrea, 2003 ). Though not an exhaustive list, the use of this model invites counselors and others to consider the following 10 cultural points (pp. 9–17): R—religious/spiritual identity; to include the manner in which individuals identify with formal and informal transcendental forces; E—economic class background; to note the impact of class on one’s cultural perspective; S—sexual identity; acknowledges gender identity and roles, as well as one’s sexual orientation; P—level of psychological maturity; includes differences in psychological development; E—ethnic/racial identity; involves an exploration of intragroup and intergroup variations; C—chronological/developmental challenges; considers generational diversity from birth though old age; T—various forms of trauma and other threats to one’s sense of well-being; considers the impact of various forms of stress upon one’s psyche; F—family background and history; the personal sense of one’s family constellation; U—unique physical characteristics; understanding how societal images can marginalize those who are physically different from idealized norms; and L—location of residence and language differences; how one is situated in terms of geographical locale and linguistic variations.
Do black parents have autism?
Perplexing prevalence: Black parents report fewer concerns about autism features than white parents do. The prevalence of autism continues to increase across the United States, regardless of socioeconomic class, according to a new study 1. Overall, black and Hispanic children are less likely than their white peers to have an autism diagnosis.
Is autism more common in black or white children?
Overall, black and Hispanic children are less likely than their white peers to have an autism diagnosis. The findings highlight persistent racial disparities in autism prevalence: White children are about 19 percent more likely than black children and 65 percent more likely than Hispanic children to be diagnosed with autism.
How much did autism prevalence increase between 2002 and 2010?
The rates increased from 3.9 to 9.3 per 1,000 children in the low-socioeconomic group, from 6.2 to 11.6 in the middle class and from 7.9 to 13.4 in the high-socioeconomic group. This was a surprise.
Is autism a biological trait?
There is no biological reason for autism prevalence to differ across racial and ethnic groups, says Katharine Zuckerman, associate professor of general pediatrics at Oregon Health and Science University, who was not involved in the research.
What is the CDC report on autism?
CDC scientists published a report on the prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 4-year-old children. New CDC funding will expand knowledge about children with autism spectrum disorder.
What are developmental milestones?
Skills, such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye-bye,” are called developmental milestones. From birth to 5 years, your child should reach milestones in how he or she plays, learns, speaks, acts and moves. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to affect many children and families.
When should a child reach milestones?
From birth to 5 years, your child should reach milestones in how he or she plays, learns, speaks, acts and moves. (Published: October 5, 2020) New ASD prevalence numbers show gaps are closing, but more work is needed. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to affect many children and families.