Why do patients choose not to receive certain treatments?
There are many reasons why individual patients may prefer not to receive particular treatments, regardless of their demonstrated efficacy. These reasons may include such factors as pain, expense, duration, fear, side effects, adverse reactions, values, culture, and personal preferences.
What is the major premise of a categorical argument?
Major Premise: All animals with fur are mammals. Minor Premise: All dogs have fur. Conclusion: All dogs are mammals. Sometimes, a categorical argument can be a sentence, such as the following: ''If all animals with fur are mammals and all dogs have fur, then all dogs are mammals.''
What is the treatment strategy most likely to succeed?
The treatment strategy most likely to succeed usually combines the most effective specific interventions with a strong therapeutic relationship and a mutual expectation of and framework for improvement. Such factors, which are common to most treatment situations, can be powerful determinants of treatment success.
Why might a treatment intervention not be effective?
Some treatment interventions may require both in- and out-of-session activity on the part of the patient. If the patient is unwilling or unable to participate in treatment requirements, the intervention will not be effective. Sometimes patients do not adhere to treatment regimens because of negative side effects or concern about possible risks.
What are the three elements of a substance abuse program?
Goals and Effectiveness of TreatmentReducing substance abuse or achieving a substance-free life.Maximizing multiple aspects of life functioning.Preventing or reducing the frequency and severity of relapse.
What are the four goals of treatment?
The Four Goals of Drug TherapyIdentifying Drug Use and Problem Behavior. One of the hardest goals is also one of the most important, knowing what to look for when you have concerns about someone's drug use. ... Intervention and Detox. ... Drug Therapy and Treatment Completion. ... Work To Avoid Relapse.
Why is it important to remain drug-free during the teenage years?
Explain why it is important to remain drug-free during the teenage years. Briefly explain why drug abusers are a high suicide risk. Drug users are at risk for suicide because most drugs are a depressant and amplify negative emotions. The depressing effects of these drugs often lead to poor judgment and depression.
What are the goals of pharmacological treatment?
The main physicians' goal of drug prescriptions was to relieve symptoms (43.3%). The other goals were to decrease the risk of morbidity (22.4%), to cure disease (11.7%), to improve quality of life (10.6%), to decrease the risk of mortality (8.5%) and to improve functioning (1.8%).
What is the objective in a treatment plan?
The purpose of a treatment plan is to guide a patient towards reaching goals. A treatment plan also helps counselors monitor progress and make treatment adjustments when necessary. You might think of a treatment plan as a map that points the way towards a healthier condition.
What is the effectiveness of treatment?
The term treatment effectiveness connotes a technical but straight for-ward meaning throughout the health-care community. Basically, effectiveness is the likelihood that a certain treatment protocol will benefit patients in a certain clinical population when administered in clinical practice.
How do drugs affect teenage behavior?
So if teens use drugs or alcohol to feel better, they'll run into problems more quickly than adults. Drinking or smoking marijuana can help make hopelessness, anxiety, irritability and negative thoughts disappear quickly. But over time, they'll make them worse. Teens also become addicted more quickly than adults.
How do drugs affect adolescent development?
Drug abuse can impact the brain's ability to function in the short term as well as prevent proper growth and development in the long term. Substance abuse affects teen brain development by: Interfering with neurotransmitters and damaging connections within the brain. Reducing the ability to experience pleasure.
What are the effect of drug abuse among youth?
Substance-abusing youth are at higher risk than nonusers for mental health problems, including depression, conduct problems, personality disorders, suicidal thoughts, attempted suicide, and suicide.
What are the advantages of pharmacotherapy?
Improve rates of patient survival. Increase retention in treatment programs. Decrease illicit opiate use and substance-related criminal involvement. Increase patients' ability to gain and maintain employment.
What is the benefits of the medical treatment?
The benefits of medicines are the helpful effects you get, such as easing pain, controlling blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, or curing an infection. The risks of medicines are the possible unwanted or unexpected effects that might happen to you when you use them.
What is the purpose of treatment?
The purpose of most therapies is to heal, or alleviate, symptoms of a concerning issue or condition. Medical professions create treatment plans that outline the professional's approach and interventions used to achieve a certain goal.
What is categorical approach?
In particular, categorical approaches are employed to define the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
When is a categorical diagnosis necessary?
Whenever a diagnosis is to be used to make a decision about an individual , a categorical diagnosis is necessary. Clinicians who must decide whether to treat or not treat a patient, to hospitalize or not, to treat a patient with drug or with psychotherapy, to use this drug or that drug, this type of psychotherapy or that type, must inevitably use a categorical approach to diagnosis. The problem is not whether to use a categorical approach or not, but rather which categorical approach to use. In other words, which information or combination of information, and which associated cutpoints, are the most appropriate to employ.
What is logical circularity?
In 1989, Kupfer and Thase commented on a certain “logical circularity” that exists in the process of development and validation of a diagnosis. A clinical (categorical) diagnosis of a disorder is used to validate a dimensional diagnosis of that disorder to be used in research to shed light on the disorder of interest. Such research produces insights that can then be used to improve the quality (reliability, validity) of dimensional diagnosis, and to identify optimal cutpoints for different clinical uses to improve clinical (categorical) diagnoses. One would hope that the clinical (categorical diagnosis) at the end of the cycle would not be the same as the one at the beginning, i.e., the circle would not actually close. Ideally each cycle of research/clinical application would move the quality of diagnosis a notch higher, thus a spiral moving toward ideal diagnosis. Simultaneously, there would be an increasing understanding of the etiology, course, treatment and prognosis of the disorder.
What does D+ mean in categorical diagnosis?
In all that follows if the dimensional diagnosis approach yields a score D, the corresponding categorical diagnosis approach is one with D+ meaning D ⩾d* and D− meaning D<d*, where d* is some specified cutpoint. Otherwise one ends comparing the proverbial apples and oranges, with no possible resolution to the problem.
How to convert dimensional to categorical?
Every dimensional D can be converted to a categorical diagnosis, simply by setting some cutpoint, d*. If D⩾d*, the categorical diagnosis is D+, and if D<d*, D−. A categorical diagnosis derived from the Hamilton Depression Score (HAM-D) score might be presence of depression (D+) if an individual's score (D) on the HAM-D⩾15; and absence of depression (D-) if an individual's score (D) on the HAM-D<15. In fact, many categorical diagnoses (e.g., DSM diagnoses; APA, 1994) are set in exactly that way, counting up the number of signs and symptoms (a dimensional diagnosis), and assigning D+ if certain preassigned numbers of signs and symptoms, a certain threshold level of severity and/or duration are exceeded.
What is testing null hypotheses?
Testing null hypotheses for random differences between groups is far from the only thing researchers do. Thus, no matter how adamant a researcher might be about using dimensional diagnoses as outcome measures, researchers have to make decisions that require them to use a categorical approach to diagnosis. For example, in an RCT, one must decide whom to include or exclude from a study. Ethically, one cannot impose treatment for a disorder on someone who does not have that disorder, particularly if the treatment carries any risk. Financially, a highly expensive intervention, as the IHDP was, cannot be given to all. Scientifically, one does not want to include subjects unlikely to have any potential for benefit from the treatment, for that would dilute effect size. Thus one must decide what it means to “have the disorder”, and to “be eligible for this study”.
Is a disorder categorical or dimensional?
With respect to the categorical versus dimensional argument, one false assumption is that the disorder is either categorical or dimensional. In a real sense, every disorder is both. It is either present or not (categorical), but when the disorder is present, patients may vary with respect to age-of-onset, severity, symptomatology, impairment, resistance to treatment and a variety of other disorder characteristics (dimensional). When the disorder is not present, subjects may vary in susceptibility to that disorder, and may well express some of its symptoms to some degree. In other words, a disorder is qualitatively different from any other disorder and from normal functioning, while still having significant and clinically important variability among those with the disorder, and among those without. The issue under consideration here is not whether the disorder is categorical or dimensional, but whether the diagnosis should be categorical or dimensional in order to yield the best clinical and research results.
How many categorical propositions are there in a deductive argument?
deductive argument composed of three categorical propositions, one of which serves as the conclusion of the argument and the other two of which serve as the major and minor premises respectively.
What is a deductive argument?
Deductive arguments sometimes take a form called a syllogism. A syllogism is a deductive argument that is composed of three propositions. As an argument, of course, one of those propositions is used as the conclusion of the syllogism and the other two propositions are used as the premises of the syllogism.
What is an exclusive proposition?
Sometimes “if/then” propositions are expressed with the term “only” or "none but," "no one except" and similar phrases. When such phrases modify plural nouns or pronouns, they are called exclusive propositions. For example, we might say, “Only logic students can attend the party.” This sets up a necessary condition for attending the party. And what is this? Well, being a logic student is what is necessary, and if you are not a logic student then you are excluded from the party. Recalling that necessary conditions go in the predicate position of our standard form categorical proposition, we can translate this proposition as, “All people who can attend the party are logic students.”
What is conditional sentence?
Many arguments in ordinary language are expressed in conditional sentences. A conditional sentence has an “If…then…” form. The “if” part of a conditional expression is called the antecedent and the “then” part, is called the consequent of the conditional. In this conditional relation between antecedent and consequent, the antecedent is the sufficient condition and the consequent is the necessary condition. This should be clear in the following conditional proposition: “If fire is present, then oxygen is present.” The presence of fire is a sufficient condition for the presence of oxygen, but the presence of oxygen is a necessary condition for the presence of fire.
How many class terms are in a valid standard form categorical syllogism?
Illicit Terms: A valid standard form categorical syllogism must contain exactly, and only, three class terms. Illicit Minor: In a valid standard form categorical syllogism, if the minor term is distributed in the conclusion, it must be distributed in the minor premise.
Can arguments be expressed without making all of their components explicit?
Anytime that we are analyzing arguments, we must remember that they can be expressed without making all of their components explicit. This is also true in categorical logic. When a premise or a conclusion seems too obvious to mention, we can simply express the argument and leave this obvious component unexpressed. We have called such arguments enthymemes.
Is syllogism #1 valid?
Syllogism #1 is an AII-1 standard form categorical syllogism and is valid. Syllogism #2 is an AOI-1 standard form categorical syllogism and is not valid. We can see that the second syllogism is not valid, for it commits the fallacy of illicit quality (We cannot draw an affirmative conclusion when the argument has a negative premise.)
What is the goal of treatment?
The goal of treatment is sustained recovery and learning new ways in which to manage life and corresponding stressors and even though the goal might be the same, how one reaches this goal will vary depending on individual need. Every person recovers differently.
What should be considered when designing an individual treatment plan?
In addition, personal histories, family dynamics, and support networks should be considered when designing an individual treatment plan. These vary according to the individual. Individualized treatment plans allow the individual to recover in a way that is the best fit for them emotionally, socially, and cognitively.
Why is individualized treatment important?
Why is an individualized treatment plan important for treatment? Treatment is a journey that not all individuals experience with similar thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. In order to plan the best course of treatment for an individual, how a person processes thoughts, expresses emotions, or views, recovery needs to be taken into consideration. ...
What would require physical intervention from a physician?
These would require physical intervention from a physician. If an individual has been ordered to complete treatment by the courts, there may be a need to address any corresponding feelings of helplessness, anger, or resentment.
Should physical issues be assessed on an individual basis?
There may be individuals who require a more comprehensive treatment approach in terms of medical evaluations. Physical issues should be assessed on an individual basis and treated accordingly based on severity of need.
Is there overlap in treatment?
There may be some overlap in treatment such as attendance at 12-step meetings or group therapy; however, the treatment plan should encompass the unique situation of each person . This may include individualized therapy plans with a therapist that can address specific psychological or behavioral issues. When a person enters treatment, there may be ...
Why are guidelines important for treatment?
Good guidelines allow for flexibility in treatment selection so as to maximize the range of choices among effective treatment alternatives.
Why should treatment guidelines be open to public scrutiny?
Treatment guidelines have the potential to influence the health care of many patients, and therefore the guidelines and the process used in their development should be open to public scrutiny. Moreover, failure to disclose the scientific justification for a guideline violates a basic principle of science, which requires open scrutiny and debate. Without the disclosure of adequate scientific information, guidelines are mere expressions of opinion.
How to evaluate efficacy of a treatment?
Methods for evaluating efficacy often begin with health care professionals' judgments and then progress through more highly systematized research strategies. For some treatments, the most accessible source of information on treatment efficacy may be the judgment of health care professionals and patients who have experience with the treatments. It is important to distinguish between the context of discovery of an intervention and the context of verification of its clinical efficacy. Historically, some interventions that were later proven by systematic evaluation to be very powerful have arisen from clinical innovations and case studies. The question of whether particular interventions have beneficial effects is best answered using research methodologies that have been refined over many years to reduce the uncertainties inherent in subjective judgment alone and to increase confidence in the strength of the intervention. The systematic application of these research strategies also promotes the welfare of patients.
Why is it important to use guidelines in clinical practice?
Another common assumption is that standardizing treatment via guidelines will always be beneficial because it reduces practice variation. However, variation in clinical practice is often based on the needs of individual patients and their responses to specific treatments. When the application of guidelines results in a rigid system that eliminates the ability to respond to individual needs of the patient and the opportunity for self-correction in treatment, this can be detrimental to patient care.
Why are guidelines promulgated?
Guidelines are promulgated to encourage high quality care. Ideally, they are not promulgated as a means of establishing the identity of a particular professional group or specialty, nor are they used to exclude certain persons from practicing in a particular area.
What is treatment guidelines?
That is, treatment guidelines are patient directed or patient focused as opposed to practitioner focused, and they tend to be condition or treatment specific (e.g., pediatric immunizations, mammography, depression).
What is a health care guideline?
Generally, health care guidelines are pronouncements, statements, or declarations that suggest or recommend specific professional behavior, endeavor, or conduct in the delivery of health care services. Guidelines are promulgated to encourage high quality care.
What funding sources are available for substance abuse treatment?
Public substance abuse treatment programs have traditionally relied on three funding streams: Federal substance abuse block grants, Medicaid reimbursement, and State general funds. These traditional funding sources have now been joined by new potential funding sources at both the Federal and State levels. Most of these provide funding for substance abuse treatment within the context of other services such as job training, child protective services, or criminal justice.
How do drug treatment agencies maintain financial solvency?
To maintain financial solvency in this new era of policy and funding shifts, alcohol and drug treatment agencies must forgo their traditional independence and focus on building collaborative partnerships to meet their clients' needs. Substance abuse treatment must become an integral component of a community-based, collaborative network of services, including welfare, primary health care, mental health, vocational, and family support services. Some of the public funding sources that treatment providers and their community partners can use to support the range of services that clients with substance abuse disorders need were described above. The potential of managed care contracts as a funding source was also discussed.
What is the role of a provider in substance abuse treatment?
Providers must clarify their mission, understand their clients' needs, develop a client-centered focus, and become full partners in a collaborative service network that endeavors to meet the multiple needs of clients recovering from substance abuse disorder. This represents nothing less than a transformation of the substance abuse treatment field.
What is Title IV funding?
Title IV funds represent a large, open-ended potential funding source for substance abuse treatment for women who are involved in the child welfare system, an underserved population. Women with children may be unlikely to enter residential treatment if the facility cannot accommodate their children, if adequate child care is not available, or if doing so means giving up their children to foster care (Strawn, 1997). For more information on child abuse and neglect issues and substance abuse treatment, see the TIP, Substance Abuse Treatment for Persons with Child Abuse and Neglect Issues ( CSAT, 2000a ).
What services are eligible for funding?
Services eligible for funding include substance abuse prevention, intervention, referral, and treatment as well as job training (aime d at assisting prevention efforts), and security improvements in public housing complexes. Funds are channeled to local public housing authorities, which contract with service providers.
Why is substance abuse treatment important for mothers?
Substance abuse treatment for the mother leads to better parenting skills, which in turn decreases the number of neglect and child abuse cases. Such prevention also may mean the difference between a child's continuing dependency on the social service and criminal justice systems or his becoming a contributing member of society.
What services are eligible for vocational rehabilitation?
Vocational rehabilitation will also fund training and secondary education, as well as vocational testing and evaluation. Funds are channeled to State agencies with responsibility for vocational rehabilitation. The location of this agency within the State government varies by State.
Why do people with dual disorders need to engage in treatment?
Different problems require addiction treatment by different professionals and different medical systems. So that is why people with dual disorders who want to engage in the treatment process (or who need to do so) frequently encounter not one but several treatment systems, each having its own strengths and weaknesses. These treatment systems have different clinical approaches.
What is the role of case management in mental health?
Another strength of the mental health system is the growing recognition at all system levels of the role of case management as a means to individualize and coordinate services and secure entitlements in relation with addiction treatment.
Why is abstinence important in dual disorders?
For some patients with dual disorders, requiring abstinence as a condition of entering addiction treatment may hinder or discourage engagement in the treatment process. For these patients, abstinence may be redefined as a goal, with encouragement provided for incremental steps in the reduction of amount and frequency of drug use. For example, patients who experience homelessness and housing instability likely do not live in drug-free environments. For such patients, it may be unrealistic to mandate abstinence as a requirement for treatment. Describes some of the addiction treatment strategy differences for managing patients in mental health, addiction, and dual disorder treatment approaches.
Why do addiction treatment staff avoid using diazepam?
Many staff have a lack of training and experience in the use of such medications.
Why is case management important?
Case management can help to reduce the negative consequences to the individual from lack of follow up and participation in addiction treatment. Without case management, many severely ill patients would decompensate, need to be hospitalized, or become homeless.
What are external origin problems?
Other problems of external origin may be very fundamental, such as the inability to pay for child care services or the lack of transportation to the only available outpatient program. Due to all these small problems, the patient suffers a lot and needs addiction treatment.
What are some examples of mental health professionals?
Different types of mental health professionals (for example, social workers and MFCCs) have differing perspectives; moreover, practitioners within a given group often use different approaches.
What does V stand for in a study?
The raw data are shown in the table below; v stands for violent , n for nonviolent, b for boy, and g for girl. Create a two-way table to summarize these data. Notice that the two variables are categorical, as can be seen from the raw data.
Is stop a categorical variable?
Ans: Color is a categorical variable and Stop is a categorical variable. The table shown to the right summarizes the outcomes of a study that students carried out to determine whether humanities students had a higher mean GPA than science students.