adherents of the disease concept of alcoholism widely recommend which form of treatment?

by Mrs. Jaquelin Zboncak Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

Should the disease concept of alcoholism be discredited?

The “disease concept” was used throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s by prohibitionists and those involved in the Temperance Movement to further their political agenda. Prior to c.1891, …

What was the early model of the disease concept of alcoholism?

Adherents of the disease concept of alcoholism widely recommend which form of treatment? Aversive conditioning Intensive month-long hospitalization programs Alcoholics Anonymous …

Should drug and alcohol use be classified as disorders?

It is reported that “Many doctors have been loath to prescribe drugs to treat alcoholism, sometimes because of the belief that alcoholism is a moral disorder rather than a disease.” 41 …

What is the Minnesota method?

The Minnesota Model is an abstinence orientated, comprehensive, multi-professional approach to the treatment of the addictions, based upon the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. It espouses a disease concept of drug and alcohol dependency with the promise of recovery, but not cure, for those who adhere to it.

What are some interventions for substance abuse?

Some interventions, such as cognitive behavior therapy, motivational interviewing and relapse prevention, appear to be effective across many drugs of abuse.

Who developed the disease model of alcoholism?

“The disease concept of alcoholism,” as introduced by Jellinek(23) in 1960 in a book bearing that name, has been an inordinately productive concept both in the range of issues which it raised and also in its medical and social utility.

What is the disease theory of addiction?

The disease theory of addiction identifies drug-seeking behavior as compulsive rather than a conscious choice due to chemical changes in the brain that happen with regular substance abuse. NIDA compares addiction to other medical diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.

What is the most effective treatment for addiction?

According to American Addiction Centers, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a valuable treatment tool because it can be used for many different types of addiction including, but not limited to, food addiction, alcohol addiction, and prescription drug addiction.

What is the best psychological treatment for addiction?

Counseling is a mainstay of substance use disorder treatment for many people. Cognitive behavioral therapy, family counseling, and other types of therapy can help you stay clean. Psychotherapy can also treat other mental health conditions that often play a role in substance abuse.

What is meant by the disease model of alcoholism?

The modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain, characterized by altered brain structure and function.

When was alcohol defined as a disease?

The American Medical Association deemed alcoholism as a disease in 1956.

What is alcohol myopia theory?

Definition: "Alcohol myopia" refers to the tendency of alcohol to increase a person's concentration upon immediate events and reduce awareness of events which are distant (hence the reference to myopia which is nearsightedness).

What are the concepts of disease?

disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state.

Which of the following is the most common substance use disorder in the United States?

Alcohol use disorder is still the most common form of substance use disorder in America, fueled by widespread legal access and social approval of moderate drinking.

How does the psychodynamic approach explain addiction?

The psychodynamic approach to addiction therapy looks at how past events, thoughts and circumstances shape a patient's present behaviors. It is believed that these factors result in unconscious processes that cause a person to act in a particular manner.

What is the consumption or use of a drug after a prolonged period of abstinence?

the consumption or use of a drug after a prolonged period of abstinence is known as. relapse. the social learning theory, substance use is a function of. positive Norms, expectations, modeling from family members and peers who engage in obtaining and using them, all of the above.

What is tolerance in substance abuse?

in the area of substance abuse the term tolerance means. there is a need overtime to use more of the substance or to use more frequently to obtain the desired effect. the most powerful factor in, complicating the clinicians ability to make an actual diagnosis of substance abuse problem with a client is. denial.

What is restrictive detox?

detoxification is. based on the type of drugs abused and patient's medical condition, considered the beginning of treatment, begun after medical necessity is established, all of the above. in residential programs, an individual is allowed to.

What is cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and site geological symptoms?

a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and site geological symptoms indicating that individuals continues using the substance despite its significance substance-related problems. beginning therapist need to be aware of problems that can interfere with diagnosis such as.

Why is integrated approach to explaining substance abuse becoming popular?

a major reason that an integrated approach to explaining substance abuse is becoming popular is. no single Theory offers a complete explanation of the cause of substance abuse. the best evidence of populous held belief that moralizes addiction is. the stigma attached to it.

Can an alcoholic be cured?

family history of substance abuse. according to the disease Concept in research by jelinek in the 1950s. an alcoholic is never cured, only considered in remission or in recovery.

Who was the first person to believe that alcoholism is a disorder?

Among the first to propose that excessive alcohol use might be a disorder, rather than willful or sinful behavior, were the physicians Benjamin Rush, in the United States, and Thomas Trotter, in Great Britain. Both Rush and Trotter believed that some individuals developed a pernicious "habit" of drinking and that it was necessary to undo the habit to restore those individuals to health. Words such as habit and disease were used to convey interwoven notions. Trotter saw "the habit of drunkenness" as "a disease of the will," while Rush saw drunkenness as a disease in which alcohol was the causal agent, loss of control over drinking behavior the characteristic symptom, and total abstinence the only effective cure. In 1849, a Swedish physician, Magnus Huss, introduced the term alcoholism ["alcoholismus"] to designate not only the disorder of excessive use but an entire syndrome, including the multiple somatic consequences of excessive use.

What are the criteria for alcoholism?

The defining criteria for alcoholism included withdrawal symptoms, loss of control, severe medical consequences, and social problems. In the same year the Na-Tional Council on Alcoholism also outlined criteria for diagnosing alcoholism, which emphasized tolerance and physical dependence and incorporated certain concepts developed by Alcoholics Anonymous. This definition, and one issued jointly with the American Medical Society on Alcoholism in 1976 (see Table 1), represented an attempt to emphasize the seriousness of the disorder, the experience of clinicians and of recovering alcoholics, and the view that alcoholism is a primary or independent disorder, not merely a manifestation of an underlying personality problem. These statements come close to being current definitions of the classic disease model.

What is the difference between ICD-10 and DSM-IV?

In contrast to some disease-oriented defintions that see alcoholism as uniformly progressive, in ICD-10 and DSM-IV the course of the disorder is not one of uniform progression or predictable cure, but there are a variety of significant states of remission. For example, DSM-IV distinguishes early remission (within the first 12 months) from sustained remission (at least 12 months); within each of these it differentiates full remission from partial remission (i.e., all criteria for dependence have not been met, although at least one has been met intermittently or continuously). DSM-IV also recognizes the circumstances supporting remission and allows for distinctions such as remission while the user is in a controlled environment (where substances are highly restricted) or remission from drug of dependence when the user is maintained on a similar agonist. The categorization of states of remission (abstinence) in ICD-10 is somewhat similar, although the distinction between early and sustained remission is not made.

What is the DSM III-R?

Much of the focus in the development of DSM-IV, published in 1994, was on how to restore the primacy of these phenomena in the diagnosis of drug and alcohol dependence . DSM-IV defines seven generic criteria for alcohol and other drug dependence . Three are required for a diagnosis of alcohol or other drug dependence . Although tolerance and withdrawal are listed first, they are not required — but the clinician must specify whether either is present.

What is the DSM 3?

It presented nine criteria for diagnosing a generic dependence syndrome, applied to a wide variety of drugs. The user must have experienced at least three criteria in order for the practitioner to consider any degree of dependence to be present. Neither tolerance nor physical dependence was a required criterion. The presence of more than three criteria would indicate a more severe degree of dependence. Drug abuse was a residual category used for designating drug-related problems when dependence was not present.

What is the ICD-9 for alcohol dependence?

The changing perspectives on the general concept of drug dependence, given momentum by the 1977 WHO report on alcohol and by other research, were ultimately reflected in changes in the definitions and other positions of the World Health Organization and in its 1980 International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9). With its publication, the concept of an alcohol dependence syndrome formally emerged at an international level. The ICD-9 concept of dependence was based on a 1976 proposal by researchers Griffith Edwards and Milton Gross, who defined seven characteristics of the alcohol dependence syndrome and proposed that there are certain implicit assumptions to the syndrome: First, it is a symptom complex involving both biological processes and learning. Second, it should be defined along a continuum of severity, rather than as a discrete category. Third, dependence should be differentiated from alcohol-related disabilities. Both dependence and disabilities exist in degrees, rather than on an allor-none basis. There is some evidence that people with more severe degrees of alcohol dependence who seek treatment have a different clinical course from those with less severe dependence.

What was the definition of addiction in the 1950s?

In the 1950s, the presence of physical dependence was emphasized in the definition of drug dependence, and the WHO Expert Committee was still concerned with differentiating between psychic dependence and physical dependence. At one level, the concept of psychic dependence was compatible with the psychodynamic view that these disorders were a response to psychic distress (such as negative mood states). According to the psychodynamic model, excessive alcohol or drug consumption was merely a response to underlying psychopathology. This model was also consistent with Jellinek's view of one of the "species" of alcoholism, in which individuals drink to relieve emotional pain (alpha alcoholism). In 1969, the committee abandoned the effort to differentiate habits from addictions and adopted terminology first proposed by Nathan Eddy and colleagues in 1965, in which the term drug dependence designates "those syndromes in which drugs come to control behavior." The committee recognized that dependencies on different classes of drugs (such as alcohol, opiates, cocaine) can differ significantly and that withdrawal symptoms are not always present or necessary aspects of dependence (see Table 1).

How many people who never decide to drink would catch the disease of alcoholism?

In another article authored by Dr. Phil Stringer entitled Disease, Victimization, and Personal Responsibility he raises the question, “How many people who never decide (emphasis added) to drink would ‘catch’ the ‘disease’ of alcoholism?” The obvious answer is none. In the traditional meaning of the word “disease,” a chosen behavior (i.e. drinking alcohol or taking drugs) does not define a disease in that one can just as reasonably choose not to drink or use drugs. The disease theory simply provides the person with a drug or alcohol problem an easy out from taking responsibility for themselves, their behavior, and the problems they cause others.

When did alcoholism become a disease?

However, in 1956 the American Medical Association (AMA) proclaimed alcoholism an “illness.”. Then, in 1966 , the AMA proclaimed alcoholism a disease. The decision was embroiled in controversy.

Who developed the disease model?

The disease model was, in part, developed and promulgated by Jellinek and various other partial participants, all with personal agendas. Today (2009), Jellinek’s “Stages of the Alcoholism” is still widely used to diagnose substance abuse.

Who was the first AA member to promote recovery?

The “recovery” community’s adoption of the disease concept began with an early AA member named Marty Mann. Her efforts, combined with a somewhat dubious scientist named E.M. Jellinek, began national acceptance of the disease concept. It was Jellinek’s self-proclaimed “scientific” study that opened the door for the medical community’s support. E.M. Jellinek’s study was funded by the efforts of Marty Mann and R. Brinkley Smithers. And, like so many other circumstances involving Jellinek and Mann, the study was bogus, if not outright fraudulent. The surveys Jellinek based his conclusions on were from a handpicked group of alcoholics. There were 158 questionnaires handed out and 60 of them were suspiciously not included. His conclusion was based on less than 100 handpicked alcoholics chosen by Marty Mann. Mann, of course, had a personal agenda to remove the stigma about the homeless and dirty alcoholic or “bowery drunk” in order to gain financial support from the wealthy. By removing the stigma, the problem becomes one of the general population, which would then include the wealthy. The first step was Jellinek publishing his findings in his book “The Disease Concept of Alcoholism,” which was based on selected subjects who fit the criteria supporting Mann’s preconceived conclusions. Later, E.M. Jellinek was asked by Yale University to refute his own findings. He complied. E.M. Jellinek’s The Disease Concept of Alcoholism did not stand up to scientific scrutiny.

When did the disease concept start?

The disease concept originated in the 1800s with a fellow by the name of Dr. Benjamin Rush.

What is the paradoxical nature of the disease theory?

Finally, consider the paradoxical nature of the disease theory: the theory contends that once the disease is in place (diagnosed), the alcoholic has lost the power of choosing not to drink or the drug addict to not use drugs.

Is alcoholism a disease?

There are hundreds of researchers who have looked carefully at the alcoholism disease theory. Most have rejected the notion that alcoholism is a disease. The studies that have touted alcoholism as a disease are researchers who derive a living, in one way or another, from the treatment industry.

When did the medical association define alcoholism as a disease?

In 1956 the American Medical Association voted to define alcoholism as a medically treatable disease so that such treatment by physicians would become eligible for payment from third parties (insurance companies). The decision was not made on the basis of any analysis of the scientific evidence — it was made on self-serving economic grounds. 26 Jellineck justified this by saying that a disease is anything that doctors choose to call a disease. 27 However, Dr. Jeffrey Schaler argues that “simply calling alcoholism a disease does not make it one.” 28

Who is the doctor who argued that alcoholism is a disease?

Dr. Herbert Fingarette notes that the disease theory of alcoholism has propositions.

What percentage of doctors believe alcoholism is a disease?

A survey of over 88,000 physicians in the U.S. found that “Only 49% of the physicians characterized alcoholism as a disease.”. Over 75% believed that the major causes of alcoholism are “personality and emotional problems.” 36.

Is alcoholism a sociological disorder?

Roman has pointed out that “the medical definition of alcoholism is fundamentally sociological. Within official diagnostic manuals, alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is almost exclusively defined in terms of individuals’ social role performance and others’ definition of the extent to which this performance, due to repeated episodes of drinking, fails to meet social expectations.” 31

Who is the doctor who explains the influence of AA on alcoholism?

It is difficult to over-emphasize the powerful influence of AA and its disease theory on the alcoholism field. Dr. Lynn Appleton stresses that

Is the disease theory of alcoholism a syllogism?

The Supreme Court also held the arguments presented in favor of the disease theory of alcoholism constitute a syllogism or deceptive argument and that “the inescapable fact is that there is no agreement among members of the medical profession about what it means to say that ‘alcoholism’ is a ‘disease.'” 13

Is medical help necessary for alcoholism?

The third proposition, that medical help is necessary to deal with alcoholism, is clearly not the case. Indeed, most alcoholics control or modify their behavior without any help from anyone else other than themselves.

What are the factors that lead to addiction?

According to the Moral Theory, factors likely to lead to addiction include: (a) A means to cope with painful and threatening emotions. (b) Childhood factors such as disrupted families, lack of parental supervision, behavior problems, and drug-using parents.

What are the factors that affect chemical dependency?

Factors that impact parental chemical dependence on children include: (a) Period of active abuse and extent of abuse/dependence. (b) Sex of abusing parent, and sex and age of the child. (c) Employment of abusing parent.

When was the disease concept and research by Jellinek?

According to the disease concept and research by Jellinek in the 1950's:

Why is the cortex important?

The cortex is significant as related to drug use since it controls

Is client consent required for disclosure of confidential information?

According to HIPAA, client consent is not required for disclosure of confidential information for all the following except: (a) To the client's employer. (b) For the opportunity to agree or object. (c) For treatment, payment, and health care operations. (d) For public interest and benefit activities.

What Is Alcoholism?

Diagnosis and Treatment

Alcoholism as A Disease

How The Detractors Feel

Updates and Adaptations

The Original Disease Theory Has Led to Many Breakthroughs in Research. 1. Biological Design: Biophysical investigations suggest a new model for alcoholism called the biophysical disease model. This model examines how genetic influences contribute to chemical imbalances in certain brain regions. Those with certain genetic qualities are more likely t...

See more on dualdiagnosis.org

The Disease Model

Alcoholism Treatment Plan

Early Models of The Disease Concept

Central to the disease concept of alcoholism put forward by Jellinek were the roles of Tolerance and Physical Dependence, usually considered hallmarks of Addiction. Tolerance indicates that increased doses of a drug are required to produce effects previously attained at lower doses. Physical dependencerefers to the occurrence of With-Drawal symptom...