What is the best available treatment for malaria?
For rapid and effective case management of the disease, both early diagnosis and treatment of malaria are essential. The best available treatment, particularly for P. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT).
What are the different types of antimalarials?
Go to: ANTIMALARIAL DRUG CLASSES Currently available antimalarials fall into three broad categories according to their chemical structure and mode of action (Appendix 9-A): 1. Aryl aminoalcohol compounds: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, lumefantrine, piperaquine, tafenoquine 2.
What are the pharmacokinetic properties of antimalarials in children and adults?
In general, the pharmacokinetic properties of the antimalarials are similar in children and adults, although the metabolism of several drugs is altered in pregnancy (e.g., atovaquone, mefloquine, cycloguanil). View in own window General points A.
What is the cross-resistance between antimalarials?
Cross-resistance between antimalarials is related to common aspects of their modes of action as well as their resistance mechanisms.
When did Catholic Relief Services start working in Nigeria?
Catholic Relief Services began working in Nigeria in the 1960s and was active during the 1967 civil war in emergency response. After the war, the Nigerian government asked CRS and other international development agencies to leave the country. Thirty years later, with the return of democracy after years of military rule, ...
How many states does CRS work in?
CRS is working in 13 states within Nigeria to reach 77 million people to prevent and treat malaria. Reducing malaria in Nigeria will have a big impact in the overall fight to eliminate this disease. See how we’re doing it.
How does CRS work?
CRS works with conflict-affected households in the NE to strengthen livelihoods through access to farm inputs, trainings, market and credit linkages, and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. CRS is reaching 30,000 households in Borno and Adamawa states through the Stabilization and Reconciliation in the Lake Chad Region (STaR) project, 4,000 farmers and 50,000 herders through the Water for Agriculture project, deliver extension services in Borno and Adamawa states in partnership with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and support 7,000 women to raise healthy birds under its Borno and Adamawa Women Poultry Project.
What is CRS in Nigeria?
CRS works in three priority sectors: agriculture and livelihoods; health systems strengthening; and emergency response, recovery and resilience . CRS supports households, communities and farmer groups to increase their agricultural production and diversify their incomes. CRS has also launched an impact investing initiative to strengthen social enterprises and bolster sustainable, responsible economic growth in the country and is developing a strategy to identify investments and support the impact investing ecosystem in Nigeria. In the health sector, CRS Nigeria’s programs address HIV/AIDS, malaria, nutrition, routine immunization and polio eradication, and provide support to orphans and vulnerable children and their caregivers. In response to the Northeast emergency, CRS is providing access to life-saving food; shelter; and water, sanitation and hygiene resources and services for internally displaced persons and conflict-affected host communities. CRS and partners work in 32 of the country's 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory with an extensive grassroots network and tremendous capacity to reach the rural poor.
What is CRS in the Northeast?
In response to the Northeast emergency, CRS is providing access to life-saving food; shelter; and water, sanitation and hygiene resources and services for internally displaced persons and conflict-affected host communities.
What does CRS provide?
In response to the northeast emergency, CRS provides emergency food; shelter; and water, sanitation and hygiene items to internally displaced persons and conflict-affected host communities.
When did CRS start in Yobe?
CRS launched its emergency response in Yobe State in 2014, initially providing emergency WASH and malaria programming through private funds, then by a USAID Food for Peace-funded emergency food security program and an OFDA-funded WASH program.
Which country focuses on eliminating malaria?
In its quest to eliminate malaria, India focuses on Odisha and the tribal states
Which country takes on malaria in its highest burden state?
India takes on malaria in its highest burden state
Catholic Church Receives Billions from the USA, Illegal Immigration Proves Very Profitable
Amid Pope Francis’ first-ever visit to the U.S. this week, some analysts are digging into the books to note the amount of money the American government doles out to Catholic charities every year. (Associated Press)
Catholic Church Receives Billions from the USA, Illegal Immigration Proves Very Profitable
Not to be lost in the pomp and circumstance of Pope Francis’ first visit to Washington is the reality that the Catholic Church he oversees has become one of the largest recipients of federal largesse in America.
Which group of people took more medication for mental health?
Non-Hispanic white adults (19.1%) were more likely than non-Hispanic black (11.1%) and Hispanic (10.3%) adults to have taken medication for their mental health.
Which group of people was more likely to receive mental health treatment than men?
Women were more likely than men to have received any mental health treatment.
How many people have received mental health treatment in 2019?
In 2019, 19.2% of adults had received any mental health treatment in the past 12 months, including 15.8% who had taken prescription medication for their mental health and 9.5% who received counseling or therapy from a mental health professional.
How much has the Diocese of Erie spent on clergy abuse?
Since 2018, following an explosive state attorney general’s investigation, the diocese has spent at least $12 million to settle lawsuits and establish a compensation fund for victims.
Why did the Catholic Church have a paycheck protection program?
Although the Paycheck Protection Program was intended to help businesses and nonprofits financially squeezed by the pandemic, the AP found that some dioceses receiving loans were already suffering financial stress due to large payments to clergy abuse victims.
What is the affiliation rule for Catholic organizations?
A lobbying campaign. Initially, faith groups had limited eligibility under the law Congress passed. They were still subject to the “affiliation rule,” which meant only dioceses or other Catholic organizations with fewer than 500 people employed across often-vast territories could apply. Advertisement.
What is the purpose of antimalarial drugs?
In severe falciparum malaria, the stage at which an antimalarial drug acts is especially important since the ultimate goal of treatment is to halt parasite maturation to late-stage, cytoadherent parasites (i.e., mature schizonts that attach to endothelial cellslining small blood vessels), which are primarily responsible for life-threatening complications. The artemisinin derivatives are advantageous because they prevent parasites from maturing to these more pathological stages, whereas quinine and quinidine do not affect parasites until they have already cytoadhered. The antifols act even later in the cycle, and are not recommended for severe malaria (Yayon et al., 1983; ter Kuile et al., 1993). None of the drugs will prevent rupture of infected erythrocytes and reinvasion once a schizonthas formed. Young ring forms (i.e., early asexual parasites) also are relatively drug resistant, especially to quinine and pyrimethamine.
Which antimalarial drug is the broadest?
Artemesinin derivatives offer the broadest antimalarial action against the range of developmental stages, and the most rapid in vivoactivity (ter Kuile et al., 1993; White, 1997). These compounds (and, to a lesser extent, chloroquine) prevent ring stages from maturing, hastening their clearance, and preventing end-organ pathology that would otherwise occur if cytoadherence progressed unchecked (Chotivanich et al., 2000).
How does Emax differ from antimalarial?
Individual antimalarial drugs differ in their Emax(i.e., the proportion of total plasmodia killed per treatment); for example, artemisinins often yield a 10,000-fold reduction per asexual cycle, whereas antimalarial antibiotics such as tetracycline or clindamycin may only achieve a 10-fold parasite reduction per cycle. The lowest blood or plasma concentration of an antimalarial drug that results in Emax can be considered a “minimum parasiticidal concentration” (MPC). Parasite reduction appears to be a first-order process throughout (Day et al., 1996), which means that a fixed fraction of the infecting malaria parasite population is removed with each successive cycle as long as the MPC is exceeded.
Where does artemisinin come from?
Artemisinin was first isolated from the stems, leaves, and flowers of Artemisia annuaby Chinese scientists (Anonymous, 1982; Klayman et al., 1984), but details of the process were not released. Researchers at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Medical Research (WRAIR) successfully isolated artemisinin derivatives from air-dried parts of plants growing in the wild near Washington, D.C., using petroleum ether extraction (Klayman, 1985). The plant grows easily in temperate areas, and has become naturalized in many countries. It can attain a height of two meters or more, appearing as an erect specimen with a woody stem. Artemisinin accumulates in all parts of A. annuaexcept for the roots (Abdin et al., 2003). Artemisinin content in flowers is 4-5 times higher than in leaves. Plant age correlates with artemisinin yield, presumably due to a progressive increase in leaf yield and artemisinin content with plant growth. In agricultural settings in Asia, artesunate production has varied from 5 kg/hectare to 50 kg/hectare (Personal communication, J-M. Kindermans, Médecins Sans Frontières, February 2004).
How old do you have to be to take tetracycline?
None of the tetracyclines should be given to pregnant women or children under 8 years of age.
What are the symptoms of falciparum malaria?
Fever, sweating, and chills (or, in some cases, merely fever) triggered by the release of plasmodia into the bloodstream from mature blood schizonts, are the most common symptoms heralding the onset of a clinical case of uncomplicated falciparum malaria(see Chapter 6for a description of the evolution of clinical symptoms). Without treatment—or an active immune response primed by repeated previous malaria infections—the number of parasites will increase with every 2-day cycle of reproduction. A mature infection may involve up to 1012circulating plasmodia.
What is atovaquone used for?
Atovaquone is a component of Malarone®, a new combination drug (consisting of atovaquone and proguanil) used for treatment and prevention of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Atovaquone interferes with mitochondrial electron transport, and also blocks cellular respiration (Srivastava et al., 1997). High levels of atovaquone resistance result from single-point mutations in a gene encoding cytochrome bfound on a small, extrachromosomal DNA-containing element in the parasite (Korsinczky et al., 2000).