What are the benefits of plasma treatment?
This increases the quality and lifespan of any coating or printing applied to the surface and improves its adhesive properties. A plasma treatment only modifies the surface of an object and does not change the object in any other way. What are the main effects of Plasma treatment?
How long is the treatment cycle for a plasma treatment?
Treatment cycle times are often short, between 2-120 seconds depending on the treatment technology, the treated material and size of the part. How long do the effects of a plasma treatment last?
What is plasma and how does it work?
Plasma is matter that exists in the form of ions and electrons. Basically, it is a gas that’s been electrified charged with freely moving electrons in both the negative and positive state. The situation is actually a resultant of further energy being given to a gas which causes the breaking free of negatively charged electrons from the nucleus.
How long does it take for plasma to react after treatment?
In general, it is recommended to initiate further processing as soon as possible after a plasma treatment. However, tests with polymer surfaces, for instance, still show a significant remaining degree of activation 28 days after the treatment. How good do plasma treated parts bond?
How can convalescent plasma be used to treat COVID-19?
The blood from people who recover from COVID-19 contains substances called antibodies, which are capable of fighting the virus that causes the illness. For some other diseases caused by respiratory viruses, giving people the liquid portion of blood that contains these antibodies, called plasma, obtained from those who have recovered from the virus, may lead to more rapid improvement of the disease. Patients with COVID-19 may improve faster if they receive plasma from those who have recovered from COVID-19, because it may have the ability to fight the virus that causes COVID-19.
Can you get COVID-19 from blood transfusion?
Respiratory viruses, in general, are not known to be transmitted by blood transfusion. There have been no reported cases of transfusion-transmitted coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2, worldwide.
Is there a link between COVID-19 and blood group?
No evidence to support that COVID-19 risk can be determined by ABO blood group. The researchers say that overall, the review findings suggest that there is no actual relationship between ABO blood type and SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity or mortality.
Is there a relationship between blood type and risk of severe COVID-19 contagion?
Overall, Tatonetti said connections between individuals' blood type and their Covid-19 risk are not strong enough to consider blood type as a risk factor for contracting the new coronavirus or developing a severe case of Covid-19.
How does a plasma machine work?
The machine separates blood into its various parts. It then removes the plasma. The machine adds a plasma substitute to the remaining blood. This may be a replacement fluid that contains saline and albumin. Or it may be plasma from a human donor. The blood containing the new plasma returns to you through the tubing.
What is TPE in plasma?
With certain diseases, plasma can contain an abnormal substance that may trigger symptoms. TPE helps remove this abnormal substance and relieve symptoms. TPE can also help you better fight your disease. TPE is also known as plasmapheresis.
What is TPE in medical terms?
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a treatment that removes plasma from your blood. The removed plasma is then replaced with a substitute. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. It helps carry blood cells and other substances throughout your body. With certain diseases, plasma can contain an abnormal substance that may trigger symptoms.
How long does it take for a TPE to work?
You often need more than one treatment. You and your healthcare provider will discuss the schedule for your treatment in advance. Each plasma exchange takes about 2 to 4 hours.
Why is there a risk of infection when you have a non-plasma replacement fluid?
Increased risk for infection because your normal immune system proteins (antibodies) have been removed. Too little calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) When non-plasma replacement fluid is used: too little potassium in the blood (hypokalemia) When donor plasma is used: Allergic reaction or disease transmission.
Why do we use TPE?
Why TPE is done. TPE is most often used to treat certain blood, neurologic, or autoimmune diseases. Examples are: Used alone, TPE cannot cure these diseases. But it may help slow their progress and relieve symptoms. When used with other treatments, TPE may increase your chances of fighting the disease.
Can TPE cure Goodpasture syndrome?
Myasthenia gravis. Some diseases of the kidney such as Goodpasture syndrome. Used alone, TPE cannot cure these diseases. But it may help slow their progress and relieve symptoms. When used with other treatments, TPE may increase your chances of fighting the disease.
Why is FFP used in blood transfusions?
Use of FFP in massive blood transfusion, for which there is less credible evidence of efficacy, appears to have increased in frequency in the past decade, possibly due in part to the relative unavailability of whole blood. Pathological hemorrhage in the massively transfused patient is caused more frequently by thrombocytopenia than by depletion of coagulation factors. The empiric use of FFP to reverse hemostatic disorders should be confined to those patients in whom factor deficiencies are presumed to be the sole or principal derangement. There is no evidence that the prophylactic administration of FFP decreases transfusion requirements in multiply transfused patients who do not have documented coagulation defects.
What Are the Currently Recommended Clinical Indications for FFP?
Few specific indications for the use of FFP exist. These indications generally are limited to the treatment of deficiencies of coagulation proteins for which specific factor concentrates are unavailable or undesirable. In addition, circumstances exist in which FFP has been employed and is believed to be of therapeutic value, but data supporting its efficacy are limited or unavailable (e.g., multiple coagulation protein deficiencies in the uncontrollably bleeding patient). Because such patients are often critically ill and satisfactory alternative therapy may not be at hand, FFP may be appropriate.
What Is the Current Scientific Knowledge Regarding the Effectiveness of FFP?
There is little scientific evidence to support the increasing use of FFP in clinical medicine. While FFP is a reliable solution for intravascular volume replacement in acute blood loss, alternative therapies are equally satisfactory and considerably safer. There is no documentation that FFP has a beneficial effect when used as part of the transfusion management of patients with massive hemorrhage. FFP contains the major plasma proteins, including the labile coagulation factors (V and VIII), but in clinical practice other blood components or derivatives usually provide greater efficacy.
What is FFP in blood?
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is defined as the fluid portion of one unit of human blood that has been centrifuged, separated, and frozen solid at -18� C (or colder) within 6 hours of collection. Other single-donor plasma units, either frozen or liquid, may be substituted for FFP. Indications for these products are interchangeable with those for FFP except for coagulation factor V deficiency. For that reason, the term FFP in this statement otherwise applies to all single-donor plasma units. The use of plasma and its products has evolved over a period of four decades. The use of FFP has increased tenfold within the past 10 years and reached almost 2 million units annually. This trend may be attributable to multiple factors, possibly including decreased availability of whole blood due to widespread acceptance of the concept of component therapy. FFP contains the labile as well as the stable components of the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement systems; the proteins that maintain oncotic pressure and modulate immunity; and other proteins that have diverse activities. In addition, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals are present in concentrations similar to those in circulation. Although well-defined indications exist for the use of FFP in single or multiple coagulation deficiencies, indications for many of its other uses may be empiric.
What is FFP therapy?
FFP is efficacious for treatment of deficiencies of factors II, V, VII, IX, X, and XI when specific component therapy is neither available nor appropriate. Requirements for FFP vary with the specific factor being replaced. For example, hemostatic levels of factor IX in a patient with severe deficiency are difficult to achieve with FFP alone, whereas patients with severe factor X deficiency require factor levels of about 10 percent to achieve hemostasis and are easily treated with FFP.
What is the best solution for volume replacement?
Crystalloid, colloid solutions containing albumin or plasma protein fraction, hydroxyethyl starch, and dextran are preferable to FFP for volume replacement. The practice of administering both packed red cells and FFP to the same patient should be discouraged, as this adds to the cost and doubles the infection rate. When conditions are appropriate, whole blood should be given.
What is the most important alternative to the use of FFP?
The most important alternative to the use of FFP is a comprehensive program of blood conservation. This includes measures such as autologous donation before elective surgery, the infusion of shed blood, and the realization that in many patients normovolemic anemia is not an indication for transfusion.
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is widely employed to join structural components. To improve the load resistance of joints, atmospheric-pressure plasma surface treatments are commonly performed to increase the adhesion of the bonding layers.
1. Introduction
The aerospace industry is in constant development and with rising fuel costs and raised concerns about emissions on climate change, fuel efficiency is arousing great interest [ 1 ]. In order to increase fuel efficiency, weight reduction in components and structures is key [ 2 ].
2. Materials and methods
Unidirectional carbon fiber prepregs (USN 175 prepreg) are purchased from SK chemicals (Korea), the fiber areal weight is 175 g/m 2 and the epoxy resin is a bisphenol-based resin. CFRP samples (30 mm × 60 mm, 3 mm thick) are cut from the purchased prepregs. The CFRP samples are then milled by ultrasonic milling.
3. Results and discussion
The effect of plasma on the CFRP surface is investigated using water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Indeed, this method provides valuable information on the surface properties such as surface tension [ 16 ]. The samples are exposed to the plasma approximately 10 s by passing 10 times back and forth under the plasma with a 10 mm/s moving speed.
4. Conclusion
In this work, CFRPs, widely used as modern structural components, are treated by He and He/O 2 plasma generated at atmospheric pressure to improve their adhesion properties. The effects of the plasma on surface morphology, chemistry and load resistance of CFRP joints are investigated for various plasma conditions.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jongwoon Kim:Data curation, Investigation, Writing - original draft.Rodolphe Mauchauffé:Investigation, Writing - original draft.Donghyun Kim:Data curation, Writing - original draft.Jaewon Kim:Conceptualization, Writing - original draft.Se Youn Moon:Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing - original draft.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
What are the three main metabolic processes?
The overall process, however, can be distilled into three main metabolic stages or steps: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory-chain phosphorylation) Glycolysis.
How many NAD+ molecules are in a TCA cycle?
The products of a single turn of the TCA cycle consist of three NAD+ molecules, which are reduced (through the process of adding hydrogen, H+) to the same number of NADH molecules, and one FAD molecule, which is similarly reduced to a single FADH2 molecule.
What are NADH and FADH2 used for?
the NADH and FADH2 to several electron carriers. They are used to create a proton gradient.
What is the process of cellular respiration in which organisms do not depend on oxygen?
Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a process called fermentation. (For longer treatments of various aspects of cellular respiration, see tricarboxylic acid cycle and metabolism. During the process of glycolysis in cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
How much ATP is made when you add all the steps together?
net amount of ATP made when you add all the steps together is 38 ATP. But you need to
What does ATP stand for in chemistry?
ATP stands for adenosine tri phosphate. It's a type of nucleic acid actually, and it is
How many steps are involved in cellular respiration?
find a food source to get your glucose. Cellular respiration involves three major steps. We