What is the reference point of the pulse duration?
NOTE The two reference points are usually 90% of the steady-state amplitude of the waveform existing after the leading edge, measured with respect to the steady-state amplitude existing before the leading edge. If the reference points are 50% points, the symbol tw and the term "average pulse duration" should be used.
What is the difference between pulse duration and stimulation duration?
Unlike pulse duration, stimulation duration is known to sustain the activation of the stimulated motor units. Increasing the length of the stimulation duration (10 seconds or more) could possibly deliver more pulse trains per stimulation and increase the evoked torque.
How long should pulse durations be used for strength training?
Despite these findings, there are several research and clinical trials that are still using pulse durations of 100 or 250 microseconds and a stimulation duration of 10 seconds or longer to achieve strength training.27,29,38 The physiological mechanisms underlying the effect of pulse duration in maximizing torque need to be examined.
Does pulse duration affect the evoked torque of an electrical stimulus?
Recently, we have shown that increasing the pulse duration from 150 to 450 microseconds has resulted in increasing the peak torque generated by the electrical stimulus by 55%, independent of the current amplitude and frequency.20Our current findings reaffirm previous findings about the role of pulse duration in augmenting the evoked torque.
Why is pulse duration so important for successful treatment?
Supporting greater efficacy and safety for prospective patients with darker and tanned skin tones, a longer pulse duration decreases the risk of damaging surrounding epidermis, including post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin) and hypopigmentation (lightening of the skin).
What is pulse duration time?
Pulse duration is the period of time the current is allowed to flow per cycle during the micro-EDM process. The discharge energy is really controlled by the peak current and the length of the pulse on-time.
What is meant by laser pulse duration?
The time during which the laser output pulse power remains continuously above half its maximum value. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.
What is pulse width in IPL?
Intense pulsed light (IPL) is one of the most effective nonablative approaches to treat skin photoaging. The broad range of wavelengths (500–1200 nm) emitted from IPL devices effectively target both melanin and hemoglobin in the skin.
What is minimum range and pulse length?
MINIMUM RANGE.—Pulse length determines a radar's minimum range or how close a target can get to the antenna without adversely affecting operations. Minimum radar range is defined as any distance greater than one-half the pulse length.
How does short pulse length and long pulse length affect radar detection range?
The 4.5µS long pulse width will contain about 4½ times as much energy as the 1µS pulse. This increase in energy (power) permits detection of targets at greater ranges, and will result in the detection of weaker targets at short range than will the 1µS pulse.
What is pulse mode in laser level?
In order to be able to use a detector, the level needs to have a Pulse Mode. This mode modulates the beam at a certain frequency that can be detected by the detector. For each color of laser, a detector of that same color needs to be used.
Is pulse width the same as pulse duration?
Pulse Width ( [ s ]) A measure of the time between the beginning and end of the pulse, typically based on the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the pulse shape. Also called pulse duration. Period (∆ [ s ]) The amount of time between the start of one pulse and the start of the next.
How fast can you pulse a laser?
A mode-locked laser is capable of emitting extremely short pulses on the order of tens of picoseconds down to less than 10 femtoseconds.
What is pulse width in lasers?
The pulse width . is defined as the radius (HW1/e) at which the power decreases to 1/e or 0.37 of its peak power (φpk) value. The temporal width is sometimes reported as its FWHM value, which—for a Gaussian pulse—is larger than . by a factor of 2(ln2)1/2.
How does Intense Pulsed Light treatment work?
IPL uses light energy to target accurately and remove pigmented or damaged skin cells or hair follicles. Using a handheld device, a medical professional will target multiple wavelengths of light onto the skin. This light heats cells in the skin and breaks them down. The body then removes the damaged tissue naturally.
What are IPL treatments?
What Is IPL Treatment? Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, aka photofacial, is a way to improve the color and texture of your skin without surgery. It can undo some of the visible damage caused by sun exposure -- called photoaging.
How long to do CPR with no pulse?
CPR – 2 min. If a nonshockable rhythm is still present with no pulse, continue with CPR for 2 minutes, and treat reversible causes. Use Hs and Ts to remember: hypovolemic, hypoxia, hydrogen ions, hypo and hyperkalemia, hypothermia, tension pneumo, tamponade, toxins, and thrombosis.
How long to pause chest compressions?
Conduct a rhythm check, making sure the pause in chest compressions is not more than 10 seconds. VF/pVT (Shockable rhythm). If a shockable rhythm is present, either v-fib or pulseless v-tach, begin the charging sequence on the defibrillator and resume chest compressions until the defibrillator is charged. Shock.
How to determine duration of therapy?
the total number of tablets or capsules). The duration of therapy will then be determined by the amount dispensed and the frequency of dosing. When the medicine is to be administered by a health professional or by a caregiver in a sheltered environment, the duration can be specified on the prescription sheet. Alternatively, it can be written on the prescription to be dispensed by a pharmacist. Medicines are now dispensed in original packs, with tablets individually packed by the pharmaceutical company. Specifying the duration of therapy is essential in the case of controlled drugs (see Chapter 54 ), such as opioids, for which there is a legal requirement that the total amount to be dispensed must be written in both figures and words.
How long does anticoagulation treatment last?
Provoked PEs with transient risk factors are typically treated for 3 months but can be extended up to 6 or 12 months. Patients may qualify for indefinite therapy in the event of an unprovoked PE, or the presence of ongoing risk factors such as an active malignancy, immobility, or an inherited prothrombotic condition. These decisions must always take into account a patient’s estimated risk of bleeding, recurrence, comorbidities, and patient preferences (e.g., fall risk, occupation, and life expectancy).
How long does antiplatelet therapy last?
The major antiplatelet therapy trials in ACS had treatment durations of 9 to 15 months.45 ,52,57 Some data suggest increased risk of stent thrombosis in patients with drug-eluting stents when antiplatelet therapy is discontinued even beyond 1 year. 58-60 In ACS patients who are not at high risk for bleeding complications, dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended for at least 1 year. 2 After PCI, the optimal duration of clopidogrel therapy depends on the risk of subsequent thrombosis, which itself is related to the type of intervention, use of an intracoronary stent, and the type of drug-eluting stent placed, if any. These recommendations are based largely on observational data and randomized trial protocols, as opposed to randomized comparisons; further studies are awaited, including the definitive Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) study. 61 Other observational data have identified a strong link between the interruption of antiplatelet therapy after ACS and an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including stent thrombosis. 62 Thus, the threshold to hold or terminate antiplatelet therapy early should be high (e.g., life-threatening bleeding or need for high-risk emergency surgery).
How long does it take to cure pyelonephritis?
Standard duration of therapy is 10 days (combined oral plus parenteral) for cystitis or pyelonephritis, although shorter courses are under study. Some experts lean toward 14 days of treatment for pyelonephritis. If the patient is not clinically improved within 2 to 3 days of starting therapy, the urine culture should be repeated and antibiotics adjusted, if indicated. Of note, follow-up cultures for a clinically improving patient are generally not indicated. In the two studies noted in question 137, none of the hospitalized patients who were treated according to available sensitivities from a positive culture had a persistent positive culture on repeat testing.
What is the initial choice of antimicrobial regimens?
The initial choice of antimicrobial regimens is based on the coverage of the most likely organisms to cause infection in the specific setting, Gram's stain, and the clinical presentation. 68 A meeting with an infectious disease consultant is often needed to select the optimal combination.
How to determine duration of therapy?
the total number of tablets or capsules). The duration of therapy will then be determined by the amount dispensed and the frequency of dosing. When the medicine is to be administered by a health professional or by a caregiver in a sheltered environment, the duration can be specified on the prescription sheet. Alternatively, it can be written on the prescription to be dispensed by a pharmacist. Medicines are now dispensed in original packs, with tablets individually packed by the pharmaceutical company. Specifying the duration of therapy is essential in the case of controlled drugs (see Chapter 54 ), such as opioids, for which there is a legal requirement that the total amount to be dispensed must be written in both figures and words.
How long does anticoagulation treatment last?
Provoked PEs with transient risk factors are typically treated for 3 months but can be extended up to 6 or 12 months. Patients may qualify for indefinite therapy in the event of an unprovoked PE, or the presence of ongoing risk factors such as an active malignancy, immobility, or an inherited prothrombotic condition. These decisions must always take into account a patient’s estimated risk of bleeding, recurrence, comorbidities, and patient preferences (e.g., fall risk, occupation, and life expectancy).
How often is CSF collected for neonatal meningitis?
The latter is monitored by the sampling of CSF approximately every 2 to 3 days in the first week after initiation of therapy or until the CSF is sterile.
How long does it take to cure pyelonephritis?
Standard duration of therapy is 10 days (combined oral plus parenteral) for cystitis or pyelonephritis, although shorter courses are under study. Some experts lean toward 14 days of treatment for pyelonephritis. If the patient is not clinically improved within 2 to 3 days of starting therapy, the urine culture should be repeated and antibiotics adjusted, if indicated. Of note, follow-up cultures for a clinically improving patient are generally not indicated. In the two studies noted in question 137, none of the hospitalized patients who were treated according to available sensitivities from a positive culture had a persistent positive culture on repeat testing.
How long does it take for a urinary infection to subside?
Many of the clinical features of infection are the result of the host inflammatory response, which often takes a few days to subside after the infecting micro-organism is eliminated.
How long does it take for antidepressants to work?
However, some studies suggest that full antidepressant effects in the elderly population may take as long as 8 to 12 weeks, so it is imperative that patients remain on the medication for a sufficient duration. Additional helpful pointers for assuring an adequate medication trial are listed in Table 15-14.
How long should I take AOM therapy?
Length of Therapy. Duration of therapy for AOM should be 10 days when treating with an oral regimen. Shorter durations of therapy have been studied, and a 5- to 7-day course may be considered only in children older than 5 years of age.
How long after starting a med can you see a change in hemodynamic status?
Improvements in hemodynamic status (eg, heart rate, blood pressure), white blood cell count, temperature, oxygenation, and/or radiologic findings should be seen a few days after starting an effective therapy. Once the signs and symptoms of infections are resolved, clinicians can consider terminating therapy.
Why is it important to prescribe a shorter antibiotic treatment course?
However, it also is important to provide a substantial treatment course so that an infection is treated adequately and relapse is prevented. This article is a review of the general principles for setting optimal antibiotic durations of therapy.
How long does it take to treat a CAP?
For example, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be treated in as little as 5 days, but once the patient’s condition is complicated by bacteremia or severe sepsis, a longer course of antibiotics is essential. 3.
What is the purpose of procalcitonin test?
The use of biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and the procalcitonin test also has been instrumental in evaluating antibiotic response and determining the duration of antibiotic therapy. Unlike CRP, procalcitonin is more specific to bacterial infections; therefore, the test has been used to curtail unnecessary antibiotic usage.
