It is currently understood that retinoic acid plays important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as cancer treatment. Lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, oral, and skin cancers have been demonstrated to be suppressed by retinoic acid.
What is the role of retinoic acid in cancer?
Retinoic acid which belongs to the retinoid class of chemical compounds is an important metabolite of vitamin A in diets. It is currently understood that retinoic acid plays important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as cancer treatment. Lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, …
When was retinoic acid first used in breast cancer treatment?
The application of retinoic acid in breast cancer treatment was first mentioned in 1970’s [39]. A retinoic acid-binding protein is believed to be an important factor in the progression of breast cancer [40, 41].
What are retinoids and how do they work?
Retinoids are chemicals that are related to vitamin A. They are known as differentiating agents because they are thought to help some cancer cells mature (differentiate) into normal cells.
Does retinoic acid cause cell cycle arrest?
Lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, oral, and skin cancers have been demonstrated to be suppressed by retinoic acid. Our results also show that low doses and high doses of retinoic acid may respectively cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. Also, the common cell cycle inhibiting protein, p27,...
How do retinoids treat cancer?
Retinoids are used to treat cancer, in part because of their ability to induce differentiation and arrest proliferation. Delivery of retinoids to patients is challenging because of the rapid metabolism of some retinoids and because epigenetic changes can render cells retinoid resistant.
What is the function of retinoic acid?
Simply speaking, retinoic acid functions to regulate gene expression (Figure 1). In cells, retinoic acid enters the nucleus where it binds to heterodimers formed by two different classes of nuclear receptors: Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptor (RXRs).
What is the role of retinoic acid in regeneration?
Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in the induction of neural differentiation, motor axon outgrowth and neural patterning. Like other developmental molecules, RA continues to play a role after development has been completed. Elevated RA signalling in the adult triggers axon outgrowth and, consequently, nerve regeneration.
How does retinoic acid treat leukemia?
All-trans retinoic acid (all-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA) was first used by Chinese doctor to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Many studies have shown that ATRA can inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 in AML cells and promote apoptosis.
What does the retinoic acid do quizlet?
What are the main tasks of retinoic acid? Acts like a hormone. Regulates cells differentiation, growth, and embryonic development.
What is retinoic acid Signalling?
Retinoic acid (RA) signalling has a central role during vertebrate development. RA synthesized in specific locations regulates transcription by interacting with nuclear RA receptors (RARs) bound to RA response elements (RAREs) near target genes.
How does retinoic acid work on the skin?
Retinoids reduce fine lines and wrinkles by increasing the production of collagen. They also stimulate the production of new blood vessels in the skin, which improves skin color. Additional benefits include fading age spots and softening rough patches of skin.
What genes does retinoic acid activate when it enters cell?
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) facilitates transportation of atRA into the nucleus where atRA binds its receptors. The ternary complex of ligand-bound RAR and RXR binds to the retinoic acid response element (RARE) and activates the RA target genes.
Which gene does retinoic acid activate?
It has been shown that stimulated by RA gene 6 (STRA6), a member of a large group of “stimulated by RA” genes encoding transmembrane proteins and proteins with unknown functions, acts as a high-affinity cell-surface receptor for RBP and mediates the uptake of retinol from RBP by peripheral cells [26,27].
Is retinoic acid fat soluble?
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for humans. It is a group of organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal (also known as retinaldehyde), retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene [β-carotene]).
What is the chemo drug ATRA?
ATRA is a form of vitamin A that is typically part of the initial (induction) treatment of APL. It is given either along with chemo, or along with arsenic trioxide for the initial treatment of APL.
Abstract
Retinoic acid which belongs to the retinoid class of chemical compounds is an important metabolite of vitamin A in diets. It is currently understood that retinoic acid plays important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as cancer treatment.
1. Introduction
Vitamins are nutrients essential for the body’s growth, differentiation, development, and protection., Vitamin A is especially important because it can’t be synthesized by animals and must be supplied from a diet that includes plants [ 1 ].
2. Retinoic acid and melanoma
Retinoic acid has been found to have inhibitory effects on growth of murine melanomas [ 9] and colony formation of human melanomas [ 10 ]. Activations of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and sialyltransferase have also been found to involve the effects of retinoic acid [ 7, 11 ].
3. Retinoic acid and hepatoma
Hepatoma is a serious form of cancer in Asia. It has been found that retinoic acid may directly cause the increase in protein synthesis of transferrin and albumin in Hep3B cells [ 26 ]. Since hepatitis virus infection is important to hepatoma formation, Hsu et al.
4. Retinoic acid and lung cancer
The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer make this disease an important topic in cancer research. Since the relevant contribution of retinoic acid in cancers was discovered, there have been numerous studies demonstrating the effects of retinoic acid in lung cancer progression. At first, Hsu et al.
5. Retinoic acid and breast cancer
The application of retinoic acid in breast cancer treatment was first mentioned in 1970’s [ 39 ]. A retinoic acid-binding protein is believed to be an important factor in the progression of breast cancer [ 40, 41 ].
6. Retinoic acid and prostate cancer
Just like breast cancer, the history of retinoic acid treatment for prostate cancer has a strong history going back to the 1980’s. Researchers’ attention then was focused on the retinoic acid receptor in the study of prostate cancer cells [ 59 ].
Why are retinoids used in cancer treatment?
Retinoids are used to treat cancer, in part because of their ability to induce differentiation and arrest proliferation. Delivery of retinoids to patients is challenging because of the rapid metabolism of some retinoids and because epigenetic changes can render cells retinoid resistant.
How do retinoids help cancer?
Retinoid signaling is often compromised early in carcinogenesis, which suggests that a reduction in retinoid signaling may be required for tumor development. Retinoids interact with other signaling pathways, including estrogen signaling in breast cancer. Retinoids are used to treat cancer, in part because of their ability to induce differentiation and arrest proliferation. Delivery of retinoids to patients is challenging because of the rapid metabolism of some retinoids and because epigenetic changes can render cells retinoid resistant. Successful cancer therapy with retinoids is likely to require combination therapy with drugs that regulate the epigenome, such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, as well as classical chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, retinoid research benefits both cancer prevention and cancer treatment.
What is the role of retinoid receptors in carcinogenesis?
Retinoids (i.e., vitamin A, all-trans retinoic acid, and related signaling molecules) induce the differentiation of various types of stem cells. Nuclear retinoic acid receptors mediate most but not all of the effects of retinoids.
Do retinoid receptors interfere with estrogen?
Retinoids interact with other signaling pathways, including estrogen signaling in breast cancer.
Why are retinoids considered differentiating agents?
They are known as differentiating agents because they are thought to help some cancer cells mature (differentiate) into normal cells.
How long does it take to take 13 cis retinoic acid after a neuroblastoma?
Most doctors now recommend 6 months of 13-cis-retinoic acid after the transplant. This drug is taken as a capsule, twice a day for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off. Researchers are now trying to develop more effective retinoids and to define the exact role of this approach in treating neuroblastoma.
What are the side effects of 13 cis retinoic acid?
The most common side effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid is dry and cracked lips. Dry skin or eyes are also possible, as are nosebleeds, muscle and joint pains, and changes in the nails.
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Why do you need to apply retinol at night?
Due to the risk of sun sensitivity, retinols are best applied at night.
What are the side effects of retinol?
Retinol is primarily used to treat the following skin conditions: 1 acne 2 fine lines 3 wrinkles 4 age (sun) spots, freckles, and other signs of sun damage, sometimes called photoaging 5 uneven skin texture 6 melasma and other types of hyperpigmentation 7 large pores caused by acne, oily skin, or collagen loss
Can retinol ruin your skin?
Most OTC retinol products are safe to use as directed, but there are some common side effects that can cause irritation in the short term. These side effects include:
What is retinol made of?
Retinol is a type of retinoid, which is made from vitamin A. Rather than removing dead skin cells as many other anti-aging and acne products do, the small molecules that make up retinol go deep beneath the epidermis (outer layer of skin) to your dermis.
How long does it take for retinol to work?
Keep in mind that it may take up to six weeks to see improvements in your breakouts. Finally, retinol has also been proven to balance your skin hydration levels. Mild exfoliating effects help to remove dead skin cells that may lead to moisture loss.
What to do if you don't see results after taking retinol?
If you still don’t see the desired results after trying a prescription retinoid for several weeks, your dermatologist might recommend other options such as: alpha-hydroxy acids, such as glycolic and citric acids for anti-aging. beta-hydroxy acids (salicylic acid) to help improve skin texture and acne.
Can retinol cause eczema?
They might recommend taking oral contraceptives while you’re using retinol. Using retinols may aggravate eczema.