What is included in a medical history?
[1] In general, a medical history includes an inquiry into the patient's medical history, past surgical history, family medical history, social history, allergies, and medications the patient is taking or may have recently stopped taking.
What is the most controversial medical treatment in history?
7 of the Most Outrageous Medical Treatments in History. 1 1. Snake Oil—Salesmen and Doctors. Collection of elixirs. (Credit: Efrain Padro/Alamy Stock Photo) 2 2. Cocaine—The Wonder Drug. 3 3. Vibrators—Cure Your Hysteria. 4 4. Fen-Phen—A Miracle Pill for Weight Loss. 5 5. Heroin—The Cure for a Cough. More items
How did Anna Breuer recover from her mental illness?
Breuer and Freud believed that bringing unconscious anxieties, such as hallucinations and traumatic experiences, to the conscious attention, Anna could overcome any related symptoms. Over time, her problems ceased and she made a gradual recovery, was given a pet dog to look after and engaged in charity work helping other ill people.
What did the first doctors do?
Administration of a vegetable drug or remedy by mouth was accompanied by incantations, dancing, grimaces, and all the tricks of the magician. Therefore, the first doctors, or “medicine men,” were witch doctors or sorcerers.
What types of treatments were used to help Anna O?
6 Breuer used hypnosis during treatment sessions, but he found that allowing Pappenheim to talk freely about whatever came into her mind was often a good way to improve communication. Freud himself once described Anna O.
What therapy did Sigmund and Josef proposed that might help Anna O?
The Viennese physician Josef Breuer (1842-1925) has a unique and prominent place in the history of psychotherapy. From 1880-82, while treating a patient known as Anna O., Breuer developed the cathartic method, or talking cure, for treating nervous disorders.
What is Anna Freud most known for?
Anna Freud, (born Dec. 3, 1895, Vienna—died Oct. 9, 1982, London), Austrian-born British founder of child psychoanalysis and one of its foremost practitioners. She also made fundamental contributions to understanding how the ego, or consciousness, functions in averting painful ideas, impulses, and feelings.
What was the Anna O case?
Anna O. was the first case described by Joseph Breuer in his Studies on Hysteria (1895d). Her real name, Bertha Pappenheim, was revealed by Ernest Jones in his 1953 biography of Freud, shocking his contemporaries.
Why was Anna OA pivotal case patient for Freud?
Recovery and Later Life. Breuer and Freud believed that bringing unconscious anxieties, such as hallucinations and traumatic experiences, to the conscious attention, Anna could overcome any related symptoms.
Who was Anna O Bertha Pappenheim and why was she considered important in the development of the psychodynamic approach?
Bertha Pappenheim (27 February 1859 – 28 May 1936) was an Austrian-Jewish feminist, a social pioneer, and the founder of the Jewish Women's Association ('Jüdischer Frauenbund'). Under the pseudonym Anna O., she was also one of Josef Breuer's best-documented patients because of Sigmund Freud's writing on Breuer's case.
What was Anna Freud contribution to psychology?
Anna Freud created the field of child psychoanalysis, and her work contributed greatly to our understanding of child psychology. She also developed different techniques to treat children. Freud noted that children's symptoms differed from those of adults and were often related to developmental stages.
What is Anna Freud's view of adolescence?
154). This attitude of the adolescent's ego resembles that of a strict parent. But for Anna Freud, the adolescent fears his drive impulses and this fear can extend to all needs, even the most basic, most ordinary physical needs.
What is ego Anna Freud?
Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego-superego model of the mind. An individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces.
What does a medical history reveal?
Obtaining a medical history can reveal the relevant chronic illnesses and other prior disease states for which the patient may not be under treatment but may have had lasting effects on the patient's health. The medical history may also direct differential diagnoses. [1]
Why is it important to have a medical history?
Obtaining a medical history can reveal the relevant chronic illnesses and other prior disease states for which the patient may not be under treatment but may have had lasting effects on the patient's health. The medical history may also direct differential diagnoses.[1] When treating a patient, information gathered by any means can crucially guide ...
Why is it important to ask if a patient has allergies to medication?
It is critical to always ask clearly if the patient has any medication allergies and if they do, clarify the reaction they had to the medication. Medication history is also important as patients take more and more medications and drug-drug interactions must be avoided.
Why is it important to communicate patient history?
Communicating the patient's medical history to other medical professionals is important and can have significant implications in preventing medical errors.
What is social history?
Social history is a broad category of the patient's medical history but may include the patients smoking or other tobacco use, alcohol and drug history and should also include other aspects of the patient's health including spiritual, mental, relationship status, occupation, hobbies, and sexual activity or pertinent sexual habits.
What is the definition of "when treating a patient"?
Definition/Introduction. When treating a patient, information gathered by any means can crucially guide and direct care. Many initial encounters with patients will include asking the patient's medical history, while subsequent visits may only require a review of the medical history and possibly an update with any changes.
Can a history of breast cancer be direct care?
In less extreme cases medical history will often direct care. An example of a patient with a history of breast cancer on chemotherapeutic drugs with a cough may show a need for further workup of a patient with an immunocompromised state versus a healthy patient with no chronic disease.
What is a treatment plan?
A treatment plan is a summary of your cancer and the planned cancer treatment. It is meant to give basic information about your medical history to any doctors who will care for you during your lifetime. Before treatment begins, ask your doctor for a copy of your treatment plan.
What is cancer treatment?
In cancer care, doctors specializing in different areas of cancer treatment—such as surgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology—work together with radiologists and pathologists to create a patient’s overall treatment plan that combines different types of treatments.
How does chemotherapy work?
Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, usually by keeping the cancer cells from growing, dividing, and making more cells . It may be given before surgery to shrink a large tumor, make surgery easier, and/or reduce the risk of recurrence, called neoadjuvant chemotherapy. It may also be given after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, called adjuvant chemotherapy.
How often should I take trastuzumab?
This drug is approved as a therapy for non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. It is given either as an infusion into a vein every 1 to 3 weeks or as an injection into the skin every 3 weeks. Currently, patients with stage I to stage III breast cancer (see Stages) should receive a trastuzumab-based regimen, often including a combination of trastuzumab with chemotherapy, followed by a total of 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab. Patients receiving trastuzumab have a small (2% to 5%) risk of heart problems. This risk is increased if a patient has other risk factors for heart disease or receives chemotherapy that also increases the risk of heart problems at the same time. These heart problems may go away and can be treated with medication.
How long does it take for breast cancer to recur?
In fact, with modern surgery and radiation therapy, recurrence rates in the breast are now less than 5% in the 10 years after treatment or 6% to 7% at 20 years. Survival is the same with lumpectomy or mastectomy.
What is the next step after breast cancer surgery?
After surgery, the next step in managing early-stage breast cancer is to lower the risk of recurrence and to get rid of any remaining cancer cells in the body. These cancer cells are undetectable with current tests but are believed to be responsible for a cancer recurrence as they can grow over time.
What is standard of care for breast cancer?
This section explains the types of treatments that are the standard of care for early-stage and locally advanced breast cancer. “Standard of care” means the best treatments known. When making treatment plan decisions, you are strongly encouraged to consider clinical trials as an option.
Who discovered cocaine as a topical anesthetic?
Pharmaceutical companies loved this new, fast-acting and relatively-inexpensive stimulant. In 1884, an Austrian ophthalmologist, Carol Koller , discovered that a few drops of cocaine solution put on a patient’s cornea acted as a topical anesthetic.
How many cocaine addicts were there in 1902?
By 1902, there were an estimated 200,000 cocaine addicts in the U.S. alone. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotic Act outlawed the production, importation, and distribution of cocaine. 3.
What is cocaine used for?
Marketed as a treatment for toothaches, depression, sinusitis, lethargy, alcoholism, and impotence, cocaine was soon being sold as a tonic, lozenge, powder and even used in cigarettes. It even appeared in Sears Roebuck catalogues.
How many people did Weintraub study?
Weintraub conducted a single study with 121 patients over the course of four years. The patients, two-thirds of which were women, lost an average of 30 pounds with seemingly no side effects—but Weintraub’s study didn’t monitor the patients’ hearts.
What was Walter Freeman's procedure called?
Instead, he created one of history’s most horrific medical treatments. Freeman developed his procedure, which became known as a prefrontal lobotomy, based on earlier research by a Portuguese neurologist.
When did the FDA approve fen-phen?
In April 1996 , after a contentious debate, the FDA agreed to approve the drug, pending a one-year trial. Almost immediately, reports of grave side effects started pouring in. That July, the Mayo Clinic said that 24 women taking fen-phen had developed serious heart valve abnormalities.
When did the Harrison Act end the production of cocaine?
In 1914, the Harrison Narcotic Act outlawed the production, importation, and distribution of cocaine. 3.
What was the medical practice of the 19th century?
While it could easily result in accidental death from blood loss, phlebotomy endured as a common medical practice well into the 19th century. Medieval doctors prescribed blood draining as a treatment for everything from a sore throat to the plague, and some barbers listed it as a service along with haircuts and shaves.
What was the Egyptian medicine used for?
Most disgusting of all, Egyptian physicians used human and animal excrement as a cure-all remedy for diseases and injuries. According to 1500 B.C.’s Ebers Papyrus, donkey, dog, gazelle and fly dung were all celebrated for their healing properties and their ability to ward off bad spirits.
What is mercury used for?
Mercury is notorious for its toxic properties, but it was once used as a common elixir and topical medicine . The ancient Persians and Greeks considered it a useful ointment, and second-century Chinese alchemists prized liquid mercury, or “quicksilver,” and red mercury sulfide for their supposed ability to increase lifespan and vitality. Some healers even promised that by consuming noxious brews containing poisonous mercury, sulfur and arsenic, their patients would gain eternal life and the ability to walk on water. One of the most famous casualties of this diet was the Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who supposedly died after ingesting mercury pills designed to make him immortal.
How did ancient women prevent their wombs from going on walkabout?
To prevent their wombs from going on walkabout, ancient women were counseled to marry young and bear as many children as possible . For a womb that had already broken free, doctors prescribed therapeutic baths, infusions and physical massages to try to force it back in position.
What were the illnesses of the ancient Babylonians?
For the ancient Babylonians, most illnesses were thought to be the result of demonic forces or punishment by the gods for past misdeeds. Doctors often had more in common with priests and exorcists than modern physicians, and their cures usually involved some component of magic. For example, if a patient ground their teeth, the healer might suspect that the ghost of a deceased family member was trying to contact them as they slept. According to ancient necromantic texts, the doctor would recommend sleeping by a human skull for a week as a way of exorcising the spirit. To ensure this disturbing treatment worked, the tooth-grinder was also instructed to kiss and lick the skull seven times each night.
What are the four basic substances that the human body is made of?
Influential physicians like Hippocrates and Galen maintained that the human body was filled with four basic substances, or “humors”—yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood —and these needed to be kept in balance to maintain proper health.
When was trepanation first used?
As far back as 7,000 years ago , civilizations around the world engaged in trepanation—the practice of boring holes in the skull as a means of curing illnesses. Researchers can only speculate on how or why this grisly form of brain surgery first developed.
What is the history of medicine?
History of medicine, the development of the prevention and treatment of disease from prehistoric and ancient times to the 21st century. Edward Jenner vaccinating his child against smallpox; coloured engraving.
Where did the search for information on ancient medicine lead?
The search for information on ancient medicine leads naturally from the papyri of Egypt to Hebrew literature. Though the Bible contains little on the medical practices of ancient Israel, it is a mine of information on social and personal hygiene. The Jews were indeed pioneers in matters of public health.
What diseases did mummies suffer?
The preservation of mummies has, however, revealed some of the diseases suffered at that time, including arthritis, tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay, bladder stones, and gallstones ; there is evidence too of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis , which remains a scourge still.
What was the first civilization to use the calendar?
The clues to early knowledge are few, consisting only of clay tablets bearing cuneiform signs and seals that were used by physicians of ancient Mesopotamia.
What is the most ancient aspect of healing?
The use of charms and talismans, still prevalent in modern times, is of ancient origin. Apart from the treatment of wounds and broken bones, the folklore of medicine is probably the most ancient aspect of the art of healing, for primitive physicians showed their wisdom by treating the whole person, soul as well as body.
What were the first doctors?
Therefore, the first doctors, or “medicine men,” were witch doctors or sorcerers.
What were the common maladies of the ancient world?
Common maladies, such as colds or constipation, were accepted as part of existence and dealt with by means of such herbal remedies as were available. Serious and disabling diseases, however, were placed in a very different category. These were of supernatural origin.
How many types of epilepsy are there?
There are four main types of epilepsy: focal, generalized, combination focal and generalized, and unknown. A doctor generally diagnoses someone with epilepsy if they have had two or more unprovoked seizures. Medication is the most common treatment, and two-thirds of adults with epilepsy live seizure-free because of it.
What is the primary identifying factor of epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder. Its primary identifying factor is recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes seizures. This brain activity affects how a person feels, acts, and behaves. Depending on the seizure type and severity, a person may or may not lose consciousness.
What is the emphasis of a patient signature as an indication of understanding?
The emphasis of a patient signature as an indication of understanding is being called into question. The process of informed consent is shifting to focus more on communication and less on signatures. Studies of informed consent have found that there are many barriers to obtaining effective informed consent.
What are the different types of blood transfusions?
The types of transfusions and their indications are: 1 Red blood cells#N#Acute blood loss of greater than 1,500 mL or 30% of blood volume or acute blood loss causing hemodynamic instability#N#Symptomatic anemia (myocardial ischemia, orthostatic hypotension, dyspnea at rest, tachycardia that is not responsive to fluid resuscitation) when hemoglobin is less than 10 g/dL#N#Hemoglobin of less than 7 g/dL in asymptomatic patients, hemodynamically stable patients in intensive care, and patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery[10][11][10]#N#Hemoglobin of less than 8 g/dL in patients with cardiovascular disease or postoperatively[12][13] 2 Fresh frozen plasma#N#Can be used for apheresis in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or hemolytic uremic syndrome#N#Acute disseminated intravascular coagulopathy with active bleeding#N#Emergent reversal of warfarin in major or intracranial hemorrhage, prophylactically in an emergent surgical procedure#N#An International Normalized Ratio > 1.6 in hereditary clotting factor deficiencies, preventing active bleeding in a patient on anticoagulants prior to an invasive procedure, or with active bleeding 3 Platelets#N#Platelet count of < 10,000/mL in stable patients without active bleeding#N#< 20,000/mL stable patients without active bleeding with fever or are undergoing an invasive procedure#N#< 50,000/mL in surgery with active bleeding#N#≤ 50,000/mL in major surgery or invasive procedure without active bleeding#N#≤ 100,000/mL in ocular surgery or neurosurgery without active bleeding 4 Cryoprecipitate#N#Hemorrhage after cardiac surgery#N#Surgical bleeding#N#Massive transfusion 5 Massive transfusion protocol
Why should patients be actively engaged in a patient's care?
Patients should be actively engaged as a way to enhance communication and ensure patient safety and understanding. Informed consent may be waived in emergency situations if there is no time to obtain consent or if the patient is unable to communicate and no surrogate decision maker is available.
Is informed consent a health issue?
Patient safety is a major focus in health care, and effective informed consent is considered a patient safety issue. The Joint Commission recently addressed the challenges to ensuring effective informed consent. The emphasis of a patient signature as an indication of understanding is being called into question.
Influence
Early life and family
Early life
Death
Themes
Symptoms
Effects
Treatment
- Noticing the benefit that the release of anxious thoughts had on Anna, Breuer began treatment with what would eventually be described as talking therapy (referred to Anna as chimney sweeping) - engaging in conversations with his patient on a daily basis, talking to her about her problems in search of a psychological basis for the hysteria.
Cultural references
Legacy
Impact
Later life